目的：系统评价妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）发病的影响因素，为减少GDM的发生提供科学依据。方法：通过系统检索中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普期刊库、万方、PubMed、考克兰等数据库，收集2013至2018年公开发表的关于女性GDM影响因素的病例对照研究，按照NOS量表标准对纳入文献进行质量评价，采用RevMan5.3软件对纳入的文献进行Meta分析。结果：最终纳入35篇文献，研究对象共106 539例。经Meta分析差异有统计学意义的因素为糖尿病家族史（OR=2.95，95% CI 2.06~4.24）、年龄≥35岁（OR=2.66，95% CI 1.93~3.66）、孕次>1次（OR=1.74，95% CI 1.03~2.91）、不良孕产史（OR=2.14，95% CI 1.48~3.08）、高血压史（OR=3.19，95% CI 1.91~5.32）、体重指数（BMI）≥24 kg·m^-2（OR=3.47，95% CI 2.65~4.55）、体育运动（OR=0.28，95% CI 0.13~0.61）、被动吸烟（OR=1.32，95% CI 1.17~1.49）、喜爱甜食（OR=3.34，95% CI 2.67~4.17）。结论：影响GDM发生的因素有糖尿病家族史、年龄、孕次>1次、不良孕产史、高血压史、BMI≥24 kg·m^-2、被动吸烟、喜爱甜食，保护因素为体育锻炼。在孕前保健工作中应对育龄妇女开展饮食管理，使其控制体重；对妊娠妇女还应加强产前保健，避免被动吸烟，指导其适当运动。

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