牙周炎是在龈下菌斑的作用下多因素共同参与所导致的牙周支持组织的破坏。在这一病理进程中牙周组织的损伤主要来源于免疫反应，而CD4⁺T细胞是这一过程中重要的启动者与参与者。当抗原提呈细胞将特异性抗原信号传递给CD4⁺T细胞后，初始的CD4⁺T细胞在不同的炎症因子如白细胞介素、转化生长因子或干扰素等的作用下分别分化为Th1、Th2、Th17及Tregs等不同类别的细胞亚群。这些细胞亚群可通过细胞间信号转导或分泌细胞因子等途径分别活化细胞免疫及体液免疫反应，进而参与并调控牙周炎的病理进程。CD4⁺T细胞作用于牙周炎病理进程中的各个阶段，因此，探索CD4⁺T细胞的功能，分析其对牙周炎病理进程的影响，就成为认识牙周炎的关键。

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