近年来脓毒症的发病率及病死率逐渐增高，成为临床上危重患者最常见的并发症及主要死亡原因，为全球各国医疗保健体系中最昂贵支出的病种之一。因此，人们开始越来越关注脓毒症的病理发展机制，以期能够早期诊断并及时治疗脓毒症。脓毒症指的是病原微生物侵入机体后，机体内出现大量的炎症介质释放，并且破坏了机体内抗炎反应与促炎反应的平衡，导致全身各个器官组织出现炎症反应综合征，最终发展为多器官功能衰竭。现阶段并没有切实有效的治疗措施来治疗脓毒症，并且抗炎治疗的效果十分不理想。microRNAs的发现及时补充了在转录后水平对靶基因mRNA进行精确有效的调节，以便为有效防治脓毒症提供一个全新的靶点。因此，本文作者对microRNAs在脓毒症炎症反应过程中的发生机制进行了综述。

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