多发性硬化是一种常见的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘性疾病，患者常表现为视觉障碍（视神经病变）、肢体无力、平衡失调、感觉异常、认知和精神异常等。其中认知障碍是多发性硬化常见的症状之一，严重影响了患者的生活质量。多发性硬化认知障碍内在的发病机制尚未完全阐明，对其治疗手段有限，疗效欠佳，是亟待解决的临床问题。临床影像学的研究已经证实，多发性硬化的认知障碍与相关脑区的白质纤维损伤有关，推测白质失连接假说可能是多发性硬化认知障碍的重要机制，而对白质的保护和修复可能是药物研究的重要方向。作者对关于多发性硬化认知障碍的发病机制及其治疗作一综述。

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