Objective To study the pathogenesis correlated with amblyopia in preschool children and their psychogenic behavior changes and to provide evidences for prevention and cure of amblyopia.Method Refraction was detected in 2 635 preschool children aged 4-6 in six kindergartens using SureSight hand-held refractometer,children with ametropia were examined with retinoscopy after administration of 1% atropine,and if corrected distant visual acuity was≤0.8,amblyopia was determined.Meanwhile,Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL) questionnaire study was performed in their parents.Results Among 2 596 preschooler with integrated data,98 patients(188 eyes) were determined to have amblyopia with a detection rate 3.7%.Ametropic amblyopia was 71 cases(72.4%);anisometropic amblyopia,22 cases(22.4%);heterotropic amblyopia,5 cases(5.1%).The social intercourse ability in children with ametropia was significantly lower(P<0.001) and the incidences of behavior attack were significantly higher than those of normal controls(P<0.001).Conclusion The development of amblyopia in preschoolers is significantly correlated with ametropia.Rectification of amblyopia and psychogenic behavior intervention are important to prevent and cure amblyopia.