Objective：To investigate the effects of oxytocin on changes of oxytocin receptor(OTR)、gamma-amimobutyric acid receptor A β1 subunit (GABAARβ1) expression in fetal rat hippocampus induced by oxygen and glucose deprived(OGD), and to investigate the mechanism of neuroprotective effects of oxytocin. Methods：Gestational age 20 days SD rat hippocampus slices in the experimental group underwent pretreatment incubation by containing 10-6mol/L OT artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), the control group were incubated with normal ACSF directly for oxygen and glucose deprivation injury (OGD) for 15min. SP immunohistochemistry was taken to semiquantitative determine hippocampus CA1 area OTR, GABAARβ1 expression and observe neuronal damage in electron microscopy. Results: The expression of OTR, GABAARβ1 were significantly higher in CA1 area of hippocampus (t = 2.118, p = 0.048; t = 2.272, p = 0.036). A large number of damaged neurons in the control group, nuclear condensation or fragmentation, some of the nuclear membrane dissolves in the experimental group; while nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, were improved in the control group and smooth nuclear membrane, cytoplasmic swelling were eased. Conclusion: OT increases hippocampal OTR, GABAAR expression, decrease neuronal degeneration and necrosis, enhance the capacity of the brain tolerance to hypoxia, and play the protective effects on fetal nervous system.